We keep you up-to-date on the latest tax changes and news in the industry.
Over the years, Congress has continued to enhance tax breaks for students and their parents. These tax benefits provide taxpayers with a large number of options for tax-favored financing of their education and the education of their family members. This brochure highlights the various education benefits included within the U.S. income tax system.
Additional rules apply for designated beneficiaries, death of taxpayer or beneficiary, and unauthorized use of distributions.
Penalty-Free IRA Withdrawals
Generally, when funds are withdrawn from an IRA before a taxpayer reaches age 59, a 10% early withdrawal penalty applies to the distribution. However, penalty-free IRA withdrawals are permitted if the funds are used to pay qualified higher education expenses. The withdrawals will still be subject to regular income tax.
Qualified “higher education expenses” include tuition at a qualified educational institution, as well as related room, board, fees, books, supplies, and equipment. The expenses can be for the taxpayer, his or her spouse, or taxpayer’s or spouse’s children and grandchildren.
Deduction for Interest
Generally taxpayers can only deduct home mortgage interest, investment interest, and business interest. However, interest paid on student loans used to pay tuition, room and board, and related expenses for qualified higher education is deductible even if the taxpayer uses the standard deduction. The amount annually deductible is limited to $2,500.
Note: Student loan interest is not limited to government student loans and could be home equity loans, credit card debt, etc., provided the debt was incurred solely to pay qualified higher education expenses.
The annual deduction begins to phase out when modified AGI reaches the threshold amount and is fully phased out when the modified AGI reaches the top of the phase-out range. The phase-out ranges are inflation adjusted in $5,000 increments. For example, the 2019 range is between $70,000 and $85,000 for single taxpayers and between $140,000 and $170,000 for joint return filers. Please call this office for other years’ phase-out levels.
Education Tax Credits
The law provides for two tax credits, the American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC) and the Lifetime Learning Credit, as explained later. Both credits will reduce a taxpayer’s tax liability dollar for dollar until the tax reaches zero. Credit in excess of the tax liability is lost for the Lifetime Learning Credit, but 40% of the AOTC may be refundable.
The credit is not allowed for taxpayers who file married separate returns. The credits are elective, and the taxpayer must choose between the two credits for each student. In general, most taxpayers will find the American Opportunity Credit to be more beneficial in the initial years of college and then the Lifetime Credit for subsequent education.
The American Opportunity and Lifetime credits phase out when a taxpayer’s modified AGI reaches a threshold amount and is fully phased out when the modified AGI reaches the top of the phase-out range. The phase-out amounts for 2019 for the Lifetime Credit , which are annually adjusted for inflation, are between $58,000 and $68,000 for unmarried taxpayers and $116,000 to $136,000 for jointly filing couples. The phase-out ranges for the American Opportunity Credit are fixed at $80,000 to $90,000 ($160,000 – $180,000 for a joint return). Please call this office for the Lifetime Learning Credit phase-out levels after 2019.
American Opportunity Tax Credit
The American Opportunity Tax Credit provides a credit for four years of college expenses, and the maximum credit per student is $2,500 per year. The credit is based on 100% of the first $2,000, and 25% of the next $2,000, of tuition, fees and course material (including books) expenses paid during the tax year. 40% of the credit is refundable, provided the taxpayer is not: (1) a child under the age of 18 or (2) under the age of 24, a full-time student and not self-supporting. As noted above, this credit begins to phase out for AGI in excess of $80,000 ($160,000 for married couples filing jointly). This credit can be used to offset the alternative minimum tax.
Lifetime Learning Credit
The Lifetime Learning Credit is a credit of up to 20% of the first $10,000 of qualifying educational expenses for: (1) undergraduate, graduate, or certificate level courses for a student attending classes on at least a half-time basis; or (2) any course at an eligible institution to acquire or improve job skills of the student (no attendance time requirements).
Example: A taxpayer has two children attending college on a full-time basis. The taxpayer pays qualified tuition expenses for the two children in the amount of $12,000, and there is no reimbursement or other tax benefit claimed for the tuition expense. Under the Lifetime Learning Credit rules, the taxpayer is entitled to a tax credit of $2,000 (20% of the first $10,000) for the tax year.
Qualifying expenses... for these credits include tuition and fees but not expenses for room, board, books, and other nonacademic fees such as student activity, athletic, insurance, etc. Also excluded are expenses for courses that involve sports, games, or hobbies that are not part of a degree program. Expenses qualifying for the credit must be reduced by tax-free scholarships or fellowships and other tax-free educational benefits. For years after 2015, books, supplies and equipment required for enrollment or attendance at an eligible institution are allowable expenses for the American Opportunity Tax Credit.
Qualifying students... must attend a qualified educational institution (one that is eligible to participate in U.S. Dept. of Education student aid programs). The student must be the taxpayer, his or her spouse, or someone who is a dependent of the taxpayer. In addition, in the case of the American Opportunity Credit, the student must have no federal or state felony drug convictions for the academic period to which the credit would apply.
Savings Bonds Interest Exclusion
Interest earned on U.S. savings bonds is, by federal law, excludable from taxation for state income tax purposes but taxable on the federal return. However, for certain savings bonds, an individual can even exclude the interest on the federal return. To qualify for this Federal exclusion, the bonds must be Series EE U.S. savings bonds issued after 1989, or Series I Bonds, and the bond proceeds must be used to pay higher education expenses.
Other qualifications... The bond purchaser must be age 24 or over and must be the sole owner of the bond (or, if married, joint owner with a spouse). Bonds purchased by others (except the spouse) or purchased by the taxpayer and placed in another’s name do not qualify for the exclusion.
Redemption of bonds... When the bonds are redeemed, the interest earned is excludable from income to the extent the proceeds are used to pay qualified higher education expenses for the taxpayer, spouse, or any dependent of the taxpayer. Such expenses include tuition and fees but not room and board or courses involving sports, etc., that aren’t part of a degree program.
Phase out... Like so many of the other education benefits described earlier in this brochure, the interest exclusion phases out when modified AGI is between certain inflation-adjusted limits. For 2019, the phase-out occurs between $81,100 and $96,100 for single taxpayers and between $121,600 and $151,600 for married taxpayers filing joint returns. For phase-out levels for other years, please call this office.
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