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What Is the Statute of Limitations on Unpaid Taxes?
If you have unpaid taxes that you haven't yet been making payments toward, it might make you fearful that the IRS will come a-knocking one day to collect on what you owe. Tax debt can quickly snowball from interest, penalties, late fees, and the amount of the taxes due.
However, a lot of the scaremongering surrounding the IRS is largely sensationalized in media and daily conversation. Agents won't come bursting through your door just because you have tax debt. Instead, they must follow due process in accordance with the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 (RRA). This means that you will always receive written notice concerning your balance due as well as collection actions and any requests for payment plans or settling your account.
However, if you haven't received further notification concerning what you owe, you may be able to ride out the little-known statute of limitations on tax debt collections, which is 10 years.
What the 10-Year Statute of Limitations Entails
Your tax debt can actually be canceled in 10 years if the IRS makes no efforts to collect on your account - and if you also don't contact the IRS. However, it's not as simple as just waiting a decade without ever paying the taxes you owe. There are conditions that must be satisfied. The first is that this 10-year time frame doesn't begin when you filed that tax return with a balance due or when you realized you owed taxes you couldn't pay.
The official statute of limitations date begins once you receive written notice from the IRS concerning what you owe. You may receive a notice of deficiency with an actual tax bill or a substitute tax return if you didn't file by the due date. So, if you filed your tax return on June 15, 2019, and got a notice in the mail dated September 1, your statutory period would begin September 1, not June 15. This date is called the CSED (Collection Statute Expiration Date), and if you make it to September 1, 2029, without further collection actions, then you can actually get your entire tax bill from this period canceled. (Note: Future tax bills, such as next year's taxes you also can't afford to pay on the due date, do not count toward this.)
However, the IRS will not notify you of this. While the date of assessment is also generally when that notice is received, the IRS has argued over when the assessment date actually was. Some situations can also delay the CSED by halting the clock on the 10-year time frame, such as:
- Filing for bankruptcy
- Being outside the U.S. for at least six months
- Military deferment
- Submitting an offer in compromise to settle back taxes
- Filing a lawsuit against the IRS
- Having your assets held in court custody due to divorce, judgments against you, etc.
State Tax Debt
Unlike the IRS, state tax departments do not have reciprocity with the RRA or the Taxpayer Bill of Rights. Taxpayers who are subject to state income tax need to find out what options, if any, are offered by their state tax department. State tax departments may actually take harsher collection actions since they don't have to have oversight committees and the option for taxpayers to settle back taxes or make payment plans, and they do not have a statute of limitations on collections. The IRS tends to get a bad rap in movies and on TV, but it's actually the state tax departments that are more likely to show up unannounced or issue liens a lot sooner.
It's very rare than anyone rides out the statute of limitations, and it's usually due to extenuating circumstances like disability or a debilitating business closure. If enough time has passed that you think you might be able to go the whole 10 years without payments or responses to collection actions, you must keep fastidious records of all correspondence with the IRS. If the IRS sent you little or no mail in the time period after the time you think the CSED kicked off, you may qualify for the statute of limitations but should not intentionally try to ride it out without the guidance of a tax professional specializing in tax relief and resolution issues.
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